Error-based SQL injection is a subtle yet powerful technique where attackers manipulate application input to trigger specific error messages that reveal valuable database information. A common tactic in this realm is exploiting the UNION operator, which allows combining results from multiple SELECT queries. By carefully crafting malicious input, at

Union-based SQL injection represents a particularly severe attack vector, allowing attackers to combine the results of multiple query statements into a single output. The exploitation typically involves crafting SQL queries that utilize the UNION operator to append data from unauthorized tables or even entirely different databases. This can lead to